OCTANE AND CETANE NUMBER EXPLAINED !!

Octane and cetane number are standard measure of performance of a fuel.

Octane number is related to petrol and cetane number gives quality of diesel.

Higher the octane number, better the quality of petrol, and hence the vehicle gives higher efficiency.

Octane number (octane it means eight carbon atoms )

Octane number is used in petrol engines. It determines how much compression ratio a petrol mixture can withstand. If the limit is crossed the fuel will spontaneously ignite and its called knocking.

Generally octane numbers range from 87 - 90 . If that number is high then the petrol can withstand higher compression ratio. But it comes with more cost.

The number 87 denotes 87 % of octane and rest is heptane ( it can withstand only very lower compression ratio) , that's why as octane number increases the engine can have higher compression ratios.

Octane the name comes because its major composition of petrol.

Cetane number ( 16 carbon atoms )

Its for diesel engine due to composition of diesel has mostly 16 carbon atoms. Its just opposite of octane number.

It determines how fast the fuel will enter combustion stage. It signifies the time gap between time of injection and time of ignition of a diesel. Higher cetane number means this gap is less.

So why you need higher cetane fuel

Fuel is generally injected few degree of crank before piston hits TDC. If cetane number is less the fuel will combust at a time when the pistion would have already left far from TDC. So you dont get enough torque and milegae will be less. So if fuel ignites earlier there will more time for expansion.

Cetane numbers are between 40 - 48

RELATION BETWEEN TORQUE & HORSEPOWER EXPLAINED !!

Horsepower and torque are very useful when you buy a vehicle of a rotary machine. Before discussing on this topic, first you should learn about the meaning of torque, horsepower and RPM. 

What are Torque, RPM and Horsepower?

Torque:

Torque is measure of rotary force. It is works as force works in linear motion. When a torque is applied on a shaft it rotates or tends to rotate if the torque is not sufficient. In simple words, the rotary force applied on a shaft to rotate it is known as torque. 

In mathematically torque is the product of tangential force applied on a shaft and the radius of shaft. The SI unit of torque is N-m (Newton meter). 

RPM:

RPM is the unit or measure of speed in rotary motion. The rpm is stand for rotation per minute. If a shaft rotate 50 cycle per minute mean it has 50 rpm speed. Larger rpm means larger speed. 

Horsepower:

Horsepower is the unit or measure of power. Power is the capacity of do work. Larger power means, more work can do in smaller time. 

Mathematically work done per unit time is called power or product of force and velocity is called power. But in rotary motion Torque is stand for force and RPM for velocity so the product of torque and RPM is called power. The SI unit of power is Watt ( J/s). It is equal to the power needed to move 1N weight bar to one meter in one second. Watt is a very smaller unit so we used KW and Horsepower (HP) to specify a machine power. One horsepower is equal to the 735 Watt. 

Horsepower vs Torque:

As we know that horsepower is a unit or measure of power and torque is measure of force in rotary motion. In any rotary machine power is measured at highest rpm and the torque is at lowest rpm. If a vehicle is specified 400 HP @ 2000RPM means its maximum power is 400HP. If The same engine is specified as 2000 N-m @ 1300rpm means it give maximum torque is 2000 N-m.

The torque is measure of force applied to move the vehicle and the Horsepower is measure of rate of work done. 

Torque plays a very important role while choosing a vehicle. Suppose two vehicles one is a truck and other one is a sports car. Both have same Horsepower 400 HP but both vehicles are with different each other. Sports car can't pull a heavy load like 1MT or a truck can't run on speed like 200Kph. The main difference between these machines is torque. A truck has a higher torque compare to sport vehicle so it can pull more load but due to power is function of product of torque and RPM so it has low RPM or speed. In the other hand the sport car has high RPM but low torque which gives it high speed. Both machines have same power but gives different uses. 

It is seen like that a 1 kg block is move 10 meter or a 10 kg block is move one meter. Both have same power but have different pull force. These are key difference between them.

The more torque gives high starting power or gives more pickup to vehicle. So next time, when you go to buy a vehicle considered both Horsepower and torque and remember torque is pulling force and power means product of torque and RPM.

NITROGEN IN TYRES: PROS AND CONS EXPLAINED !!

A few years ago, the use of nitrogen in tyres had been introduced. The idea was to replace the free air provided at petrol pumps with Nitrogen gas for a nominal charge. The concept did not gain much mileage and nitrogen gas providers shut down at some places.

But today, there are many 250cc bikes available in the market. The price of high speed bikes is well within the reach of the middle class consumer. At continuous high speeds, the tyres in these bikes can inflate quickly. Here, tyres filled with nitrogen gas prove their superiority over tyres filled with air. Let’s have a look at the benefits and shortcomings of nitrogen in tyres.

Advantage of nitrogen in tyres:

–    Nitrogen is lighter than air. So, the bounce you feel sometimes at high speeds is reduced to a very great degree. This translates into a smoother ride for you.

–    Nitrogen gas remains cool, which is a characteristic trait of the element. So the temperature of the tyres while riding at high speeds also remains cooler compared to air.

–    The tyre pressure remains constant at different speeds regardless of heavy / light load on the vehicle. It remains quite stable regardless of the temperature of the tyre.

–    The life of the tyre gets an extension. Since the wear and tear has slowed down, the durability of the tyre increases.

–    There is also a noticeable reduction in rusting of the rims or wheel as nitrogen is chemically inactive.

–    The rate of nitrogen pressure leaking from the tyre is 10 times less than the compressed air. So one can fill the tyres with nitrogen gas and then check the pressure again after 3-4 months or even more.

There are not many disadvantages of nitrogen in tyres but those that exist cannot be ignored.

–    The process is expensive. When it was introduced, it cost approximately Rs.100 for a two-wheeler and the cost was double for a four-wheeler.

–    Even today the gas is not available widely. Only a handful of tyre dealers provide it.

–    It’s useful for high speed bikes. Compared to the amount of commuter bikes the ratio is fairly low.

–    If a tyre gets punctured, after repairing the puncture, you have to repeat the process of filling nitrogen in the tyre.

Despite the shortcomings one can still opt to fill their bike tyres with nitrogen and get rid of the risk of tyres running at high temperatures. Perhaps you can even save your tyre from getting burst due to inflation. These advantages surely outweigh any cost disadvantage that nitrogen gas may have.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHAFT AND AXLE EXPLAINED !!

SHAFT

A shaft is a rotating member which is subjected to bending moments and twisting moments and sometimes to axial loads. It is acted upon by combined bending, torsional and axial stress. It is desired to transfer motion or power.

It usually comes with a circular cross-section. You can also see it in a cross-section other than circular. It may come with varying diameters and lengths. you can find different elements like gears, pulleys, sprockets etc. on it.

The shaft is also differentiated as the drive or driven shaft according to their position in a machine. Idler shaft is simply a shaft with gearwheels used as a spacing or to change the direction of rotation, It is also used to get the required tension in a chain or belts between two sprockets or pulleys.

AXLE

An axle is designed and manufactured in such a way that it can only take bending loads. It is not used for torque transmission. It is generally a static part. It is attached to the output as a joint.

It is commonly used for the center of rotation in automobile industries. Axles may or may not be rotating but, they only transfer bending moments only.

It is used to support two or more rotating members.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COLD AND HOT WORKING PROCESS EXPLAINED !!

The metal working processes are divided into hot working and cold working processes. The division is on the basis of the amount of heating applied to the metal before applying the mechanical force.Re-crystallization temperature is defined as the approximate minimum temperature at which complete re-crystallization of a cold work metal occurs with in a specified time.

In other words,The lowest level of heat at which the distorted grain structure of a metal is replaced by a strain-free grain structure.

HOT WORKING PROCESS:-

• Hot working is carried out above the recrystallization temperature and below the melting point. Hence the deformation of metal and recovery take place simultaneously.
• No internal or residual stresses are set-up in the metal in hot working process.
• If cracks and blow boles are present in the metal, they can be finished through hot working.
• Close tolerance can not be maintained.
• Surface finish of hot working process is comparatively not good.
• It results in improvements of properties like impact strength and elongation.
• Due to recrystallisation very negligible hardening of metal takes place.

COLD WORKING PROCESS:-

• Cold working is carried out below the recrystallization temperature. As such, there is no appreciable recovery.
• In cold working process internal or residual stresses are set-up in the metal.
• In cold working the existing cracks propagate and new cracks may develop.
• Better tolerance can be easily maintained.
• Surface finish of cold working process is better.
• It also results in improvements of properties like impact strength and elongation.
• It improves ultimate tensile strength, hardness, yield strength but reduces the corrosion resistance of strength of the metal.
• The stress required to cause deformation is much higher.

VOLKSWAGEN TDI TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED !!

Turbocharged direct injection engine is invented by Volkswagen group. TDI identifies all advanced diesel engines using direct fuel injection and a turbocharger. TDI engines are economical and smooth with high levels of torque and good energy efficiency.

Working of TDI

Fuel needs oxygen to burn and the engine has to be supplied with huge quantities of air to get enough. You can solve this problem with a bigger engine - or you can solve it with a turbocharger - as in the TDI. Driven by the exhaust gases, it squeezes air more tightly into the cylinders.

After being drawn through the turbocharger the air is then cooled by passing it through an intercooler, before entering the combustion chamber where diesel is injected directly into the cylinders at very high pressure through a nozzle. It's this intensive mixing of highly atomized fuel with the cooled compressed air that leads to better, more efficient combustion.

Your driving experience is quiet and refined because effective sound keeps noise to a minimum, while hydraulic engine ensure smooth, low-vibration running.

KNOW WHY ROYAL ENFIELD MAKES THUMP LIKE SOUND !!

 It is mainly because of the heavy push-rods and long stroke (86 to 90mm) of the RE engine. At low RPMs, the RE engine takes almost half a second to complete one stroke, making the exhaust stage last much longer than usual. The fuel-air mixture that explodes during combustion stroke increases the pressure inside the cylinder much higher than a 150cc engine. So during exhaust when the exhaust valve opens, the gases rush out in an explosive blast, producing the thump.

The reason it has a large pushrod and long stroke is because the engine displacement for this bike is 350 cc in a lean-burn single cylinder. Very few bike makers across the world use a single cylinder for an engine displacement as big as 350cc or even 500cc. This is because such an engine develops a slow revving or thumping characteristic which is contrary to what one would typically find in sport bikes, which in one twist of the throttle vrooms up to 10-12,000 rpm while if you twist the throttle of a Royal Enfield you will realize it will thump its way to max 4-5000 RPM. Long-stroke engines produce high torque at low RPM but less power at max rpm. Short-stroke engines produce low torque at low RPM but more power at max rpm.

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM EXPLAINED !!

Requirement of ABS Technology:

We know that when we apply brake, it pushes the brake pad on running drum or disk. For heavy loaded vehicle we need to high braking force to stop of slow down the vehicle. This braking force generate by some means like hydraulic pressure, Air pressure etc. When the vehicle is running and we want to stop the vehicle we push the brake pedal. Due to excessive braking causes skidding. This skidding jam the wheel but due to inertia the vehicle tends to skid on the road and it became out of control from driver. This is called locking of the wheel.

This is understood by that when we run on the floor and eventually tends to stop we slip down on it. This is exactly true for the vehicle. This type of locking is harmful for driving and may cause accident. So we have to remove it use of a new safety system. This system is called ABS.

Working of ABS Technology:

We have been already explained how locking of road wheels due to excessive braking causes skidding. Modern antilock brake systems not only cause the vehicle to stop without deviating from its straight line path, these also provide directional stability since there is no skidding of the wheels.

Skidding is avoided by releasing the braking pressure just before the wheels lock up, and then reapplying the same. These releasing and reapplying the brakes in succession is what an antilock system does and this process is called pressure modulation. This system can modulate the pressure to the brakes about 15 times per second.  The feel of brake pedal in case of ABS equipped brakes is quite similar to that of conventional power brake system.

An ABS consist of an electronic control unit, one sensor on each wheel, an electrically driven hydraulic pump and a pressure accumulator. Accumulator is used to store hydraulic fluid to maintain high pressure in the braking system and to provide residual pressure for power assisted braking. ECU monitors and controls the antilock function when required. Its function is based on inputs from the wheel speed sensors and feedback from the hydraulic unit to determine whether the ABS is operating precisely and also to decide when the antilock operation is required. In some antilock braking system, a lateral acceleration sensor is also provided to monitor the side movement of the vehicle while taking a turn. This ensures proper braking during turns also.

When the front wheels of vehicle are locked, its maneuverability is reduced, whereas in case of rear wheel locking, the vehicle stability is reduced. ABS calculates the required slip rate of the wheels accurately based on the vehicle speed and the speed of the wheels and then controls the brake fluid pressure to achieve the target slip rate. Although ABS prevents complete locking of the wheel.

ABS is manufactured by Bendix, Delco Moraine, Kelsey-Hayes Lucas Girling, Bosch etc. 

CHOKE IN MOTORBIKES EXPLAINED !!

Choke valve in bikes :-

A choke valve is sometimes installed in the carburetor of internal combustion engines. Its purpose is to restrict the flow of air, thereby enriching the fuel-air mixture while starting the engine. Depending on engine design and application, the valve can be activated manually by the operator of the engine (via a lever or pull handle) or automatically by a temperature-sensitive mechanism called an autochoke.

Why it is important?

Choke valves are important for naturally aspirated gasoline engines because small droplets of gasoline do not evaporate well within a cold engine. By restricting the flow of air into the throat of the carburetor, the choke valve reduces the pressure inside the throat, which causes a proportionally greater amount of fuel to be pushed from the main jet into the combustion chamber during cold-running operation. Once the engine is warm (from combustion), opening the choke valve restores the carburetor to normal operation, supplying fuel and air in the correct stoichiometric ratio for clean, efficient combustion.

5 INTERESTING FACTS RELATED TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING THAT BLOWS YOUR MIND

1. A Indian King took revenge on Rolls-Royce by using their cars to transport city's waste.

One day during his visit to London, King Jai Singh was walking in casual dress in Bond Street. He saw a Rolls Royce showroom and went inside to inquire about the Price and Features etc of their cars. Considering him a just another Poor Indian citizen, showroom salesmen insulted him and almost showed him the way out of the showroom. After this insult, King Jai Singh came back to his Hotel room and asked his servants to call the showroom that King of Alwar city is interested in purchasing their few Cars. After few hours King reached the Rolls Royce showroom again but with his full astonishing royal manner and in his royal costume. Until he reached the showroom there was already red carpet on the floor and all the salesmen were bent with respect. The King purchased all the six cars that they had at showroom at that time and paid full amount with delivery costs. After reaching India, King ordered municipal department to use all those six Rolls Royce cars for cleaning and transporting city’s waste. World’s number one Rolls Royce cars were being used for transportation of City’s waste, the news spread all over the world rapidly and the reputation of Rolls Royce Company was in drains. Whenever someone used to boast in Europe or America that he owned a Rolls Royce, people used to laugh saying, “which one? The same that is used in India for carrying the waste of the City?” Due to such reputation damages, sales of Rolls Royce dropped rapidly and revenue of company owners started falling down. Then they sent a Telegram to the king in India for apologies and requested to stop transportation of waste in Rolls Royce cars. Not only this but they also offered Six new cars to king free of cost. When King Jai Singh observed that Rolls Royce has learnt a lesson and they are sorry for their mistakes, king stopped using those cars for carrying wastes. 


2.The “Traub,” the rarest motorcycle in the world

The “Traub,” the rarest motorcycle in the world, was found behind a brick wall in Chicago in 1968, and still runs to this day.

An examination from Dale Walksler, the current owner, reveals it can be dated back to 1916. The engine’s technology was well ahead of its time, and even some mechanisms on it had never used on any other American motorcycle.

3.Hitler designed the prototype of Beetle design for Volkswagen

Sitting at a restaurant table in Munich in the summer of 1932, Hitler designed the prototype for what would become the immensely successful Beetle design for Volkswagen (literally, the "car of the people"). In an era where only the most economic elite possessed cars, Hitler believed that all people should be able to own a car and additionally thought that a smart design could allow for reliability, enjoyment, and vacation travel. The name given to the car in 1938 was Kraft durch Freude (KdF-Wagen, literally "strength through joy car"

4.The first car accident

The first car accident occurred in 1891, in Ohio.

5.The Four Rings in the AUDI Logo represent the FOUR companies of  AUTO UNION

By 1932, the name fiasco between Horch the man, and Horch the company was water under the bridge. Horch (the company) and Audi entered an agreement along with two other German car manufacturers, DKW and Wanderer, to form Auto Union. The four rings, which Audi still uses today, originally represented the four companies of Auto Union.

COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION (CRDi) EXPLAINED !!

CRDI (Common Rail Direct Injection):-

CRDi stands for Common Rail Direct Injection meaning, direct injection of the fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine via a single, common line, called the common rail which is connected to all the fuel injectors.

Whereas ordinary diesel direct fuel-injection systems have to build up pressure new for each and every injection cycle, the new common rail (line) engines maintain constant pressure regardless of the injection sequence.Same pressure of fuel is injected in each cylinder.

Advantages & Disadvantages :

Advantages:-

CRDi engines are advantageous in many ways. Cars fitted with this new engine technology are believed to deliver 25% more power and torque than the normal direct injection engine. It also offers superior pick up, lower levels of noise and vibration, higher mileage, lower emissions, lower fuel consumption, and improved performance.

In India, diesel is cheaper than petrol and this fact adds to the credibility of the common rail direct injection system.

Disadvantages:-

Like all good things have a negative side, this engine also have few disadvantages. The key disadvantage of the CRDi engine is that it is costly than the conventional engine. The list also includes high degree of engine maintenance and costly spare parts. Also this technology can’t be employed to ordinary engines.

3D RENDERING AND ITS SOFTWARE EXPLAINED !!

3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of automatically converting 3D wire frame models into 2D images on a computer. 3D renders may include photorealistic effects or non-photorealistic rendering.

3D rendering is a creative process similar to professional photography that involves staging scenes or spaces to produce high quality images. The difference with 3D rendering is that the image is digitally produced to achieve the same true-to-life result. 3D rendering enables the designer to create a space and then adjust building elements, finishes, furniture, lighting, and landscapes. It’s a powerful tool that has more flexibility than professional photography and can even be more affordable.

Why is 3D rendering important :

• 3D rendering brings clarity and understanding to flat drawings, like interior or exterior plans, maximizing the design potential of the space and enabling your ideas to thrive.
• Design costs can be drastically reduced. The design process involves multiple changes due to uncertainty or trial and error. With 3D rendering, spaces can be quickly tested and easily experimented on.
• 3D accelerates the approval process. Design choices become clear, leaving no room for miscommunication, and reduce overall design time.
• If you are a home builder, real estate agent, or have a vacant lot, 3D rendering can be used to market these spaces and create enthusiasm around the future development.
• 3D is an effective marketing tool for new and upcoming projects. 3D images are powerful in communicating future plans to investors. Top home builders use 3D rendering to sell homes before they are built, giving clients opportunity to change designs, colors, textures and size.
• 3D rendering can be used to publish ideas or future project development, design trends, and future building technology options.

List Of 3D rendering Softwares normally used By Mechanical Engineers:

1. SOLIDWORKS Visualize-   SOLIDWORKS Visualize provides a suite of standalone software tools that combine industry-leading rendering capabilities with design-oriented features and workflows.
2. Keyshot:  KeyShot is the fastest and easiest to use 3D rendering software available. In just a few steps you can create amazing visuals straight from your 3D models.
3. 3ds Max Design: 3ds Max Design software is a comprehensive 3D design, modeling, animation, and rendering solution for architects, designers, civil engineers, and visualization specialists.
4. Maya: Bring your imagination to life with Maya® 3D animation, modeling, simulation, and rendering software. Maya helps artists tell their story with one fast, creative toolset.
5. Blender: Blender is an open source 3D creation suite that supports the 3D pipeline, modeling, rigging, animation, simulation, rendering, compositing, and motion tracking, video editing, and game creation.
6. V- Ray : Chaos Group provides state of the art rendering solutions for architectural, VFX, film, media and entertainment, automotive design, and other industries.
7. Z Brush: ZBrush is a graphic application aimed at simplifying the science behind generating computer graphics.
8. Thea Render : Thea Render is the world’s most versatile renderer featuring state-of-the-art Unbiased, Biased and GPU engines. It includes a rich set of innovative features, a powerful material system, and its own advanced studio.

Urgent Hiring for Assistant Business Managers for Rajasthan Location

Post: Assistant Business Manager

Experience: 2 to 5 Yr

CTC: As per Industry norms

Mail your CV on : mukesh.saraswat@em3agri.com

Job Profile

An ABM in his districts/region of his designated state, is responsible for meeting the supply target of adding harvester/tractor and machine owners by working through the dealer network of existing OE. 

He will be responsible, along with his regional manager for implementing the short and long term business plans. He will be expected to drive the business and work with his team to ensure success. He would be accountable for maintaining relationship with all external stakeholders. He will be expected to optimise performance as per the company policy.

Managing relationship with Dealer Network of Harvester/Tractor/Implements dealer in his assigned geography

Managing relationship with machine owners

Managing relationship with all stake holders within the organization

Maximize supply through Target Achievement against Annual Business Plan for the region

Minimize drop outs 

Ensure processes are understood, followed and audited on a daily basis

Ensure processes, terms and conditions of engagement are well communicated to all external partners 

Maintain high standard of ethics and reporting/documentation discipline when handling cash on ground

Maintain and Manage daily progress along a pre-planned execution plan

Maintaining daily level communication for updates and progress

Achievement of key performance metrics including overall supply, new partners, quality of partners, drop outs and expansion of referral plan 

Manage on ground issues during season time for your partner accounts

Ensure Positive work environment that helps in mutual progress

Eligibility:

UG- Bsc.-Agri/ B.Tech-Agri 

PG: M.Sc-Agri/ MBA-Agri

Experience Required:

2 to 4 years of work experience with Agriculture/Fertilizer/mechanization/ NBFCs, micro enterprises or banks.

TOP 10 QUALITIES OF A GREAT ENGINEER

Engineers are responsible for some of the greatest inventions and technology the world depends on. Everything from space shuttles to air conditioning systems to bridges requires the work of an engineer. To be successful in the field of engineering, one must have certain qualities. Some of those top qualities include:

Possesses a Strong Analytical Aptitude: A great engineer has excellent analytical skills and is continually examining things and thinking of ways to help things work better. They are naturally inquisitive.

Shows an Attention to Detail: A great engineer pays meticulous attention to detail. The slightest error can cause an entire structure to fail, so every detail must be reviewed thoroughly during the course of completing a project.

Has Excellent Communication Skills: A great engineer has great communication skills. They can translate complex technical lingo into plain English and also communicate verbally with clients and other engineers working together on a project.

Takes Part in Continuing Education: A great engineer stays on top of developments in the industry. Changes in technology happen rapidly, and the most successful engineers keep abreast of new research and ideas.

Is Creative: A great engineer is creative and can think of new and innovative ways to develop new systems and make existing things work more efficiently.

Shows an Ability to Think Logically: A great engineer has top-notch logical skills. They are able to make sense of complex systems and understand how things work and how problems arise.

Is Mathematically Inclined: A great engineer has excellent math skills. Engineering is an intricate science that involves complex calculations of varying difficulty.

Has Good Problem Solving Skills: A great engineer has sharp problem solving skills. An engineer is frequently called upon solely to address problems, and they must be able to figure out where the problem stems from and quickly develop a solution.

Is a Team Player: A great engineer understands that they are part of a larger team working together to make one project come together successfully, and therefore, must work well as part of that team.
Has Excellent Technical Knowledge: A great engineer has a vast amount of technical knowledge. They understand a variety of computer programs and other systems that are commonly used during an engineering project.